Skin cells 'turned into neurons' by US scientists

By Neil Bowdler
Science reporter, BBC News
A Californian team say they have managed to convert human skin cells directly into functioning brain cells.

The scientists manipulated the process by which DNA is transcribed within foetal skin cells to create cells which behaved like neurons.

An image of neurons in the brain. The researchers claim such cells can be made from skin cells

The technique had previously been demonstrated in mice, says the report in Nature.

It could be used for neurological research, and might conceivably be used to create brain cells for transplant.

Reprogrammed skin

The scientists used genetically modified viruses to introduce four different "transcription factors" into foetal skin cells. These transcription factors play a role in the "reading" of DNA and the encoding of proteins within the cell.

“We showed that it is possible to convert human skin cells directly into cells which look and behave like nerve cells”

Marius Wernig Stanford University

They found the introduction of these four transcription factors had the effect of switching a small portion of the skin cells into cells which functioned like neurons.

Unlike other approaches, the process did not involve the reprogramming of the skin cells into stem cells, but rather the direct transformation of skin cells into neurons.

Marius Wernig, an assistant professor of pathology at Stanford University School of Medicine in California, was one of the researchers.

"We showed that it is possible to convert human skins cells directly into nerve cells which look and behave like nerve cells which usually only exist in the brain," he told BBC News.

"It was known that it was possible to change a specialised cell back into a stem cell, what's called an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS), but it was not known whether a specialised cell could be pushed into another direction, other than backwards."

Professor Wernig conceded that there were examples, some dating back many years, where specialised cells have been switched into similar cell types, but he believes this is the first example of where cells have undergone such radical conversion.

He believes the immediate application will be in modelling diseases, whereby skin cells from a patient with a known neurological condition could be used to produce new brain cells for research.

"It is very very difficult to look into the brain. There is a big skull which protects the brain very well and therefore it's difficult to image," he said.

"Everything that can be done at a cellular level is only possible after a patient has died, by which time the disease is usually in the final stages and you have no chance of seeing how the disease develops."

Future treatments

The technique might one day also be used to create new brain cells which could be transplanted into patients with neurological disorders, he said.

Created from the patient's own skin, these cells would be an exact match for the patient, although there would be many obstacles to overcome, not least the challenge of producing enough of the right type of brain cells.

Commenting on the study, Jim Huettner, an associate professor at Washington University School of Medicine, said the research was "convincing and important".

"They have shown similar things in mice before but in humans they've discovered some subtle differences which often turn up when moving from mice to humans," he said.

"But the work solidifies the idea that this kind of transition is possible and that it's not just some fluke in the mice model."

Skin Problems

Skin cells 'turned into neurons' by US scientists

By Neil Bowdler
Science reporter, BBC News
A Californian team say they have managed to convert human skin cells directly into functioning brain cells.

The scientists manipulated the process by which DNA is transcribed within foetal skin cells to create cells which behaved like neurons.

An image of neurons in the brain. The researchers claim such cells can be made from skin cells

The technique had previously been demonstrated in mice, says the report in Nature.

It could be used for neurological research, and might conceivably be used to create brain cells for transplant.

Reprogrammed skin

The scientists used genetically modified viruses to introduce four different "transcription factors" into foetal skin cells. These transcription factors play a role in the "reading" of DNA and the encoding of proteins within the cell.

“We showed that it is possible to convert human skin cells directly into cells which look and behave like nerve cells”

Marius Wernig Stanford University

They found the introduction of these four transcription factors had the effect of switching a small portion of the skin cells into cells which functioned like neurons.

Unlike other approaches, the process did not involve the reprogramming of the skin cells into stem cells, but rather the direct transformation of skin cells into neurons.

Marius Wernig, an assistant professor of pathology at Stanford University School of Medicine in California, was one of the researchers.

"We showed that it is possible to convert human skins cells directly into nerve cells which look and behave like nerve cells which usually only exist in the brain," he told BBC News.

"It was known that it was possible to change a specialised cell back into a stem cell, what's called an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS), but it was not known whether a specialised cell could be pushed into another direction, other than backwards."

Professor Wernig conceded that there were examples, some dating back many years, where specialised cells have been switched into similar cell types, but he believes this is the first example of where cells have undergone such radical conversion.

He believes the immediate application will be in modelling diseases, whereby skin cells from a patient with a known neurological condition could be used to produce new brain cells for research.

"It is very very difficult to look into the brain. There is a big skull which protects the brain very well and therefore it's difficult to image," he said.

"Everything that can be done at a cellular level is only possible after a patient has died, by which time the disease is usually in the final stages and you have no chance of seeing how the disease develops."

Future treatments

The technique might one day also be used to create new brain cells which could be transplanted into patients with neurological disorders, he said.

Created from the patient's own skin, these cells would be an exact match for the patient, although there would be many obstacles to overcome, not least the challenge of producing enough of the right type of brain cells.

Commenting on the study, Jim Huettner, an associate professor at Washington University School of Medicine, said the research was "convincing and important".

"They have shown similar things in mice before but in humans they've discovered some subtle differences which often turn up when moving from mice to humans," he said.

"But the work solidifies the idea that this kind of transition is possible and that it's not just some fluke in the mice model."

Skin Problems

Identify Type of Skin

What type of skin of our face, how to identify it?

Why it is important to know what type of skin before taking any decision on cleaning the face, because it will depend to protect products, should be borne in mind that any wrong decision taken can have unfortunate consequences.

Until a few decades only spoke of three types of skin, but advances in Dermatology and Cosmetology has broadened the spectrum, with the following which better cover:
I. Normal. usually has smooth appearance and soft texture , thanks to the thin layer of fat on the surface that fails to give oily sheen. This well-hydrated and is characterized by tiny and closed pores, which prevents the formation of blackheads and impurities not have flaking or the resulting sensation. This is the skin less common in adults, because the body is continually changing.

II. Seca. This type of skin moisture and generally does not have its pores are thin, which gives an opaque appearance , it is rough to the touch, easy peeling and irritation, more prone to cracking and aging rapidly. Avoid using soaps and products that increase the dryness, while creams and makeup removers should be hydrating and nourishing.

III. Fat. It is characterized by reddish in certain areas and / or pale yellow in others, they look heavy, there is excessive shine and pimples and blackheads (also in back, chest and arms), because the sebaceous glands produce excess fat , which causes obstruction of the pores, usually open, and make-up drain. Without proper care, you can see lumps of fat and black spots, which consist of self-secretion of fat which has been oxidized by contact with the outside.

This type of skin ages more slowly, because it is more resistant to external agents through the fat layer generated. Careful hygiene is essential, in addition to ongoing hydration treatment.

IV. Mixed. The look is bright and fat in some regions, for example, called T-zone (forehead, nose and chin), while cheeks and around the eyes are a little dry, in this type of skin pores they become enlarged and there is a tendency to black spots. Note that in the rest of the body the skin is usually normal.

V. Sensible. On its surface is fine nerve fibers that move immediately to the slightest stimulus (sun, pollution and / or cosmetics), signal after being received by the brain is manifested as redness, itching and rash. Tends to be dry and even to cause allergies, so it requires special products called hypoallergenic, it is not uncommon to find people with this problem also have oily skin or dry.

Lastly, it is to remember that if you want your skin look its best all other care must be taken to complement the work products and cosmetics, The fact of not smoke or drink alcohol, and seek daily rest of at least six hours .

In addition to the above recommendations you need to drink 2 to 3 liters of water daily and follow balanced diet, which can be supported with nutritional supplements and multivitamins, so your skin will stay in good condition and will look like you want it to look.

Read more on Remedies for Dark Circles under Eyes and Eyes Dark Circles Treatment and Dark Circles treatment

Identify Type of Skin

What type of skin of our face, how to identify it?

Why it is important to know what type of skin before taking any decision on cleaning the face, because it will depend to protect products, should be borne in mind that any wrong decision taken can have unfortunate consequences.

Until a few decades only spoke of three types of skin, but advances in Dermatology and Cosmetology has broadened the spectrum, with the following which better cover:
I. Normal. usually has smooth appearance and soft texture , thanks to the thin layer of fat on the surface that fails to give oily sheen. This well-hydrated and is characterized by tiny and closed pores, which prevents the formation of blackheads and impurities not have flaking or the resulting sensation. This is the skin less common in adults, because the body is continually changing.

II. Seca. This type of skin moisture and generally does not have its pores are thin, which gives an opaque appearance , it is rough to the touch, easy peeling and irritation, more prone to cracking and aging rapidly. Avoid using soaps and products that increase the dryness, while creams and makeup removers should be hydrating and nourishing.

III. Fat. It is characterized by reddish in certain areas and / or pale yellow in others, they look heavy, there is excessive shine and pimples and blackheads (also in back, chest and arms), because the sebaceous glands produce excess fat , which causes obstruction of the pores, usually open, and make-up drain. Without proper care, you can see lumps of fat and black spots, which consist of self-secretion of fat which has been oxidized by contact with the outside.

This type of skin ages more slowly, because it is more resistant to external agents through the fat layer generated. Careful hygiene is essential, in addition to ongoing hydration treatment.

IV. Mixed. The look is bright and fat in some regions, for example, called T-zone (forehead, nose and chin), while cheeks and around the eyes are a little dry, in this type of skin pores they become enlarged and there is a tendency to black spots. Note that in the rest of the body the skin is usually normal.

V. Sensible. On its surface is fine nerve fibers that move immediately to the slightest stimulus (sun, pollution and / or cosmetics), signal after being received by the brain is manifested as redness, itching and rash. Tends to be dry and even to cause allergies, so it requires special products called hypoallergenic, it is not uncommon to find people with this problem also have oily skin or dry.

Lastly, it is to remember that if you want your skin look its best all other care must be taken to complement the work products and cosmetics, The fact of not smoke or drink alcohol, and seek daily rest of at least six hours .

In addition to the above recommendations you need to drink 2 to 3 liters of water daily and follow balanced diet, which can be supported with nutritional supplements and multivitamins, so your skin will stay in good condition and will look like you want it to look.

Read more on Remedies for Dark Circles under Eyes and Eyes Dark Circles Treatment and Dark Circles treatment

Deficiency of Blood Sugar

All body cells need them daily energy intake in order to work properly, regulating vital functions (such as heartbeat, digestion and breathing movements), control body temperature and keep the muscles active. This requirement is obtained by monitoring diet balanced in nutrients, which include protein, vitamins, fats and sugar, which is one of the main sources of energy. Also called glucose, and is an element belonging to the group of carbohydrates, which are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and were classified as simple and complex. The first is characterized by sweet, digested from coming into contact with saliva and absorbed quickly into the blood, therefore, provide energy immediately. In turn, are divided into polysaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose, which is major sources of honey, fruit, milk and juices) and dis-saccharides (e.g. sucrose, maltose and lactose, found in table sugar, milk, beer and jams).

The complex calls are not sweet, take longer to digest and, therefore, their passage into the bloodstream is slow; among them are the oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, the latter are divided into starchy foods (starch and starch, for example, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cereals, pasta, bread and bananas) and fibrous (so called cellulose, lignin and pectin, rice, tortilla, wheat bran and oat apples and green vegetables, etc.).

Step through the body
When you eat some food passes along the digestive tract, where it starts chain of chemical transformations it nutrients and when you reach the small intestine, containing glucose into the blood. This fluid is responsible for transport to the liver (as a reserve), brain and body cells, where it is used as energy.

For this to be achieved requires insulin, a substance that serves as the key that unlocks the cell door, while brain and nerve tissue do not require the presence of this element, receiving stream directly from sugar blood.

However, once the glucose into the cells is degraded with the aid of oxygen, i.e., enters a state of combustion and as a result becomes water (remove or reuse) and carbon dioxide (which breathe through lungs.) In this way energy is released in our tissues, which allows us to think, study, remember, speak, walk, run, work, breathe, have sex and to rest.

When there is deficiency of blood sugar (hypoglycemia) the body, in an effort to get it, transforms the protein-carbohydrate to prevent irreversible damage to our health, because due to the lack of the "fuel" the body can not function properly which even reaches lead to death of neurons (brain cells).

Although this disease has no specific cause is said to be connected with certain risk factors, including:
Family history of disease.
Viral infections that can affect the pancreas.
Alterations of the body's defense system, which leads to self-destruction of its own insulin-producing cells.
Obesity.
Poor eating habits.
Little or no physical exercise.

It is very important to follow the treatment to the letter and keep glucose levels in check, because the people who are high for long periods may have injuries to eyes, kidneys and nerves, foot infections and heart attack.

Finally, consider that it is possible to keep under control the high and low blood glucose, only requires that the affected do your part and follow your meal plan, measure your blood sugar levels several times a day, practice exercise and take the appropriate dose and schedule your medications. In this way, it will be possible to continue normal life and prevent complications of hypoglycemia and diabetes impairs their health.

Consult your doctor.

Get Medicine for high blood pressure and blood pressure treatment. Get useful remedies for hypertension treatment.

Bacteria 'linked' to Parkinson's disease

BBC News
The bacteria responsible for stomach ulcers have been linked to Parkinson's disease, according to researchers in the US.

Mice infected with Helicobacter pylori went onto develop Parkinson's like symptoms.

The study, presented at a meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, argues that infection could play "a significant role".

Could this bacterium cause Parkinson's disease?

The charity Parkinson's UK said the results should be treated with caution.

Parkinson's disease affects the brain and results in slow movements and a tremor.

Middle-aged mice, the equivalent of being between 55 and 65 in humans, were infected. Six months later they showed symptoms related to Parkinson's, such as reduced movement and decreased levels of a chemical, dopamine, in the brain.

These changes were not noticed in younger mice.

Toxic

Dr Traci Testerman, from the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, said: "Our findings suggest that H. pylori infection could play a significant role in the development of Parkinson's disease in humans.

"The results were far more dramatic in aged mice than in young mice, demonstrating that normal ageing increases susceptibility to Parkinsonian changes in mice, as is seen in humans."

The researchers believe the bacteria are producing chemicals which are toxic to the brain.

They said H. pylori was able to "steal" cholesterol from the body and process it by adding a sugar group.

The bacteria responsible for stomach ulcers may have a role in Parkinson's say researchers.

Dr Testerman said this new chemical was almost identical to one found in seeds from the cycad plant, which had been shown to trigger a Parkinson's-like disease among people in Guam.

She told the BBC: "H. pylori eradication in late stage Parkinson's disease is unlikely to result in significant improvement.

"Certain neurons are killed before symptoms begin, and more are killed as the disease progresses. Those neurons will not grow back."

Dr Kieran Breen, director of research at Parkinson's UK, said: "We believe Parkinson's is most likely caused by a combination of environmental factors together with an individual's genetic susceptibility to developing the condition.

He said there was some evidence that bacteria can prevent the main drug to treat Parkinson's, levodopa, being absorbed, but there was no strong evidence that people who have H. pylori in their gut are actually more likely to develop Parkinson's.

He added: "The current study is interesting and suggests that the bacteria may release a toxin that could kill nerve cells.

"However, the results should be treated with caution. The research was carried out in mice that were infected with relatively high doses of the bacterium or its extract.

"While they developed movement problems, we don't know whether this was actually due to the death of nerve cells. Further research needs to be carried out".

Body cleansing

Bacteria 'linked' to Parkinson's disease

BBC News
The bacteria responsible for stomach ulcers have been linked to Parkinson's disease, according to researchers in the US.

Mice infected with Helicobacter pylori went onto develop Parkinson's like symptoms.

The study, presented at a meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, argues that infection could play "a significant role".

Could this bacterium cause Parkinson's disease?

The charity Parkinson's UK said the results should be treated with caution.

Parkinson's disease affects the brain and results in slow movements and a tremor.

Middle-aged mice, the equivalent of being between 55 and 65 in humans, were infected. Six months later they showed symptoms related to Parkinson's, such as reduced movement and decreased levels of a chemical, dopamine, in the brain.

These changes were not noticed in younger mice.

Toxic

Dr Traci Testerman, from the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, said: "Our findings suggest that H. pylori infection could play a significant role in the development of Parkinson's disease in humans.

"The results were far more dramatic in aged mice than in young mice, demonstrating that normal ageing increases susceptibility to Parkinsonian changes in mice, as is seen in humans."

The researchers believe the bacteria are producing chemicals which are toxic to the brain.

They said H. pylori was able to "steal" cholesterol from the body and process it by adding a sugar group.

The bacteria responsible for stomach ulcers may have a role in Parkinson's say researchers.

Dr Testerman said this new chemical was almost identical to one found in seeds from the cycad plant, which had been shown to trigger a Parkinson's-like disease among people in Guam.

She told the BBC: "H. pylori eradication in late stage Parkinson's disease is unlikely to result in significant improvement.

"Certain neurons are killed before symptoms begin, and more are killed as the disease progresses. Those neurons will not grow back."

Dr Kieran Breen, director of research at Parkinson's UK, said: "We believe Parkinson's is most likely caused by a combination of environmental factors together with an individual's genetic susceptibility to developing the condition.

He said there was some evidence that bacteria can prevent the main drug to treat Parkinson's, levodopa, being absorbed, but there was no strong evidence that people who have H. pylori in their gut are actually more likely to develop Parkinson's.

He added: "The current study is interesting and suggests that the bacteria may release a toxin that could kill nerve cells.

"However, the results should be treated with caution. The research was carried out in mice that were infected with relatively high doses of the bacterium or its extract.

"While they developed movement problems, we don't know whether this was actually due to the death of nerve cells. Further research needs to be carried out".

Body cleansing

Fat and Cholesterol

To have a healthy body is important in the diet containing fat and cholesterol, because they fulfill important functions in the body. However, when both are present in excess health-threatening.

Nutritionists recommend a diet containing 10 and 15% protein, 55% carbohydrate and 35% fat. The latter are responsible for absorbing some vitamins, as well as store and deliver the energy the body needs, among other functions.

However, the same specialists consider two types of fats: saturated calls, found in red meat and most dairy products, and unsaturated fats, found in vegetable oils, avocado, chicken, fish and nuts, among other foods.

The big difference between the two is that the former favors the accumulation of bad cholesterol (LDL by its acronym in English) on the walls of the arteries, thereby limiting the free flow of blood may be that the origin of heart disease such as heart. In contrast, unsaturated fats are another type of cholesterol, known as "good" (HDL), which helps to eliminate that which is deposited in the arteries. So that excessive consumption of saturated fat is one factor that triggers the so-called hypercholesterolemia, i.e., the excess cholesterol in the blood.

Man accumulates fat in the back of the neck, shoulders, back, face, upper trunk and abdomen and, over time, across the belly. In turn, the woman is capable of storing in belly, hips, thighs and breasts, and with the passage of time on his chin, neck and buttocks. Finally, children are located in pubis, hips, arms, cheeks and backs of hands and feet.

What is cholesterol?
This compound is made by fatty liver, and its main function is to protect the membranes of cells throughout the body. To reach them as a means of transport used veins and arteries, which moves in the form of packages called lipoproteins. The risk of increasing the amount of cholesterol in the blood begins when we eat foods that contain excessively, especially beef, pork, eggs and some dairy products.

However, when the amount of cholesterol is high tends to stick to the walls of the arteries become narrow, so blood flow is restricted and causes fewer arrive in organs like the brain. If irrigation is insufficient in the heart, promotes pain, angina pectoris and heart attack in extreme cases.

Scientific studies indicate that one in every 10 have hypercholesterolemia. This condition does not produce noticeable symptoms, and in most cases those living with it are unaware of its presence when it has generated a serious problem.

So one of the best ways to care for our health is through food. Make sure it is balanced in minerals, vitamins and carbohydrates, and you'll be fat and cholesterol.

Get Medicine for high blood pressure and blood pressure treatment. Get useful remedies for hypertension treatment.

Fat and Cholesterol

To have a healthy body is important in the diet containing fat and cholesterol, because they fulfill important functions in the body. However, when both are present in excess health-threatening.

Nutritionists recommend a diet containing 10 and 15% protein, 55% carbohydrate and 35% fat. The latter are responsible for absorbing some vitamins, as well as store and deliver the energy the body needs, among other functions.

However, the same specialists consider two types of fats: saturated calls, found in red meat and most dairy products, and unsaturated fats, found in vegetable oils, avocado, chicken, fish and nuts, among other foods.

The big difference between the two is that the former favors the accumulation of bad cholesterol (LDL by its acronym in English) on the walls of the arteries, thereby limiting the free flow of blood may be that the origin of heart disease such as heart. In contrast, unsaturated fats are another type of cholesterol, known as "good" (HDL), which helps to eliminate that which is deposited in the arteries. So that excessive consumption of saturated fat is one factor that triggers the so-called hypercholesterolemia, i.e., the excess cholesterol in the blood.

Man accumulates fat in the back of the neck, shoulders, back, face, upper trunk and abdomen and, over time, across the belly. In turn, the woman is capable of storing in belly, hips, thighs and breasts, and with the passage of time on his chin, neck and buttocks. Finally, children are located in pubis, hips, arms, cheeks and backs of hands and feet.

What is cholesterol?
This compound is made by fatty liver, and its main function is to protect the membranes of cells throughout the body. To reach them as a means of transport used veins and arteries, which moves in the form of packages called lipoproteins. The risk of increasing the amount of cholesterol in the blood begins when we eat foods that contain excessively, especially beef, pork, eggs and some dairy products.

However, when the amount of cholesterol is high tends to stick to the walls of the arteries become narrow, so blood flow is restricted and causes fewer arrive in organs like the brain. If irrigation is insufficient in the heart, promotes pain, angina pectoris and heart attack in extreme cases.

Scientific studies indicate that one in every 10 have hypercholesterolemia. This condition does not produce noticeable symptoms, and in most cases those living with it are unaware of its presence when it has generated a serious problem.

So one of the best ways to care for our health is through food. Make sure it is balanced in minerals, vitamins and carbohydrates, and you'll be fat and cholesterol.

Get Medicine for high blood pressure and blood pressure treatment. Get useful remedies for hypertension treatment.

Skin Cleaning and Protection

The name identifies the skin covering the human body, mainly the face, which is the most exposed to environmental pollution, low temperature, humidity and solar radiation, harmful agents that can affect your appearance and also cause serious damage, such as brands, injury, wrinkles and even cancer.

That is why it is vital to provide cleaning and protection, for which we must learn to recognize what type of skin before taking any decision on the product to be used. Before going on we must emphasize that the skin is made up of three coats:
Epidermis. Superficial part, which consists of several layers: the deeper it produces skin pigment melanin, while in the upper cells are formed to replace those that die when exposed to the environment, its thickness is 1 mm and regenerates each four weeks, its most important functions include maintaining adequate level of hydration and protection from solar radiation, also along the entire epidermis there are several holes, called pores, through which out sweat, sebum and hair, to meet maintenance and temperature regulation.
Dermis. Its thickness is 4 mm, provides elasticity and smoothness to the skin, and she hosted many blood vessels that supply nutrients, oil and sweat glands and hair follicles (which produces the hair).
Hypodermis. Also known as subcutaneous tissue and is the deepest layer of the skin, which contains many fat-producing cells.

Until a few decades ago only talked about three types of skin, but advances in Dermatology and Cosmetology has broadened the spectrum, with the following which better cover:
Normal. Has generally smooth appearance and soft texture, thanks to the thin layer of fat on the surface that fails to give oily sheen. It is characterized by being well hydrated and have closed the tiny pores, which prevents the formation of blackheads and impurities not have flaking or the resulting sensation. This is the skin less common in adults, because the body is constantly changing.
Fat. It is characterized by reddish in certain areas and / or pale yellow in others, they look heavy, there is excessive shine, pimples and blackheads and (just as in back, chest and arms), because the sebaceous glands excess fat, which causes obstruction of the pores, usually open, and make-up drain. Without proper care, you can see lumps of fat and black spots, which consist of own secretion of sebum that has been oxidized by contact with the outside.
This type of skin ages more slowly, because it is more resistant to external agents through the fat layer generated. Careful hygiene is essential, in addition to ongoing hydration treatment.
Board. The look is bright and fat in some regions, for example, called T-zone (forehead, nose and chin), while cheeks and around the eyes are a little dry, in this type of skin pores to reach be dilated and there is a tendency to black spots. Note that in the rest of the body the skin is usually normal.
Sensible. On its surface are fine nerve fibers immediately moving to smaller stimuli (sun, pollution and / or cosmetics), signal after being received by the brain is manifested as redness, itching and rash. Tends to be dry and even to cause allergies, so it requires special products called hypoallergenic, it is not uncommon to find people with this problem also have oily skin or dry.

Read more on Remedies for Dark Circles under Eyes and Eyes Dark Circles Treatment and Dark Circles treatment

Anti-retroviral drugs 'help reduce' HIV transmission

By James Gallagher
Health reporter, BBC News

An HIV-positive person who takes anti-retroviral drugs after diagnosis, rather than when their health declines, can cut the risk of spreading the virus to uninfected partners by 96%, according to a study.

The United States National Institutes of Health sampled 1,763 couples in which one partner was infected by HIV.

Drugs can reduce the risk of the HIV virus spreading

It was abandoned four years early as the trial was so successful.

The World Health Organization said it was a "crucial development".

The study began in 2005 at 13 sites across across Africa, Asia and the Americas.

HIV-positive patients were split into two groups. In one, individuals were immediately given a course of anti-retroviral drugs.

The other group only received the treatment when their white blood cell count fell.

Both were given counselling on safe sex practices, free condoms and treatment for sexually transmitted infections.

Among those immediately starting anti-retroviral therapy there was only one case of transmission between partners.

In the other group there were 27 HIV transmissions.

'Renewed commitment'

"This breakthrough is a serious game changer and will drive the prevention revolution forward. It makes HIV treatment a new priority prevention option," said Michel Sidibe, executive director of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/Aids (UNAIDS).

But he warned that it would cost more than ten billion dollars to provide drugs to the ten million people worldwide who are currently not receiving medication for HIV.

The World Health Organization says sexual transmission accounts for 80% of all new HIV infections. Its director general, Dr Margaret Chan, described the announcement as a "crucial development"

She added: "The findings from this study will further strengthen and support the new guidance that WHO is releasing in July to help people living with HIV protect their partners."

The value of anti-retrovirals, in preventing transmission, had been speculated for some time after observational studies, but researchers say this is the first time it has been proven in clinical trials.

Keith Alcorn, from the NAM, an HIV/AIDS charity, said: "This study resoundingly confirms what lots of smaller studies have been telling us for several years.

"International donors cannot ignore the evidence any longer: HIV treatment is a very powerful form of HIV prevention, and could have a major effect on the HIV epidemic in the worst-affected countries.

"What we need now is a renewed commitment to HIV treatment, and studies to show how to get the maximum benefit out of this breakthrough at country level."

Herbal colon cleanse

Anti-retroviral drugs 'help reduce' HIV transmission

By James Gallagher
Health reporter, BBC News

An HIV-positive person who takes anti-retroviral drugs after diagnosis, rather than when their health declines, can cut the risk of spreading the virus to uninfected partners by 96%, according to a study.

The United States National Institutes of Health sampled 1,763 couples in which one partner was infected by HIV.

Drugs can reduce the risk of the HIV virus spreading

It was abandoned four years early as the trial was so successful.

The World Health Organization said it was a "crucial development".

The study began in 2005 at 13 sites across across Africa, Asia and the Americas.

HIV-positive patients were split into two groups. In one, individuals were immediately given a course of anti-retroviral drugs.

The other group only received the treatment when their white blood cell count fell.

Both were given counselling on safe sex practices, free condoms and treatment for sexually transmitted infections.

Among those immediately starting anti-retroviral therapy there was only one case of transmission between partners.

In the other group there were 27 HIV transmissions.

'Renewed commitment'

"This breakthrough is a serious game changer and will drive the prevention revolution forward. It makes HIV treatment a new priority prevention option," said Michel Sidibe, executive director of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/Aids (UNAIDS).

But he warned that it would cost more than ten billion dollars to provide drugs to the ten million people worldwide who are currently not receiving medication for HIV.

The World Health Organization says sexual transmission accounts for 80% of all new HIV infections. Its director general, Dr Margaret Chan, described the announcement as a "crucial development"

She added: "The findings from this study will further strengthen and support the new guidance that WHO is releasing in July to help people living with HIV protect their partners."

The value of anti-retrovirals, in preventing transmission, had been speculated for some time after observational studies, but researchers say this is the first time it has been proven in clinical trials.

Keith Alcorn, from the NAM, an HIV/AIDS charity, said: "This study resoundingly confirms what lots of smaller studies have been telling us for several years.

"International donors cannot ignore the evidence any longer: HIV treatment is a very powerful form of HIV prevention, and could have a major effect on the HIV epidemic in the worst-affected countries.

"What we need now is a renewed commitment to HIV treatment, and studies to show how to get the maximum benefit out of this breakthrough at country level."

Herbal colon cleanse

Getting Greens With Kale

Kale is the same  cruciferous vegetable family as cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli. It is thought to have originated in Asia and was brought to Europe around 600 B.C. There are three main types of kale, the original curly kale and the much later varieties of dinosaur (Tuscan) and ornamental (salad savoy) kale.



Said to be one of the most nutritious vegetables, kale contains excellent amounts of vitamins A, C, and K, very good amounts of copper, tryptophan, potassium, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and fibre, and good amounts of vitamins B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin) and E, iron, magnesium, folate, phosphorous, omega_3 and protein. Kale is also high in  lutein, zeaxanthin, glucosinolates, kaempferol, quercetin and beta carotene.



Kale, like the other cruciferous vegetables, has wonderful health benefits. Steamed kale and to a lesser extent raw kale is known to lower cholesterol levels due to it's fiber-related nutrients.  It has a definite role to play in support of the body's detoxification processes.The many flavonoids, carotenoids and glucosinolates in kale an other cruciferous, give antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, and ongoing studies state that they lower cancer risks if added regularly to our daily diet. Plus the carotenoids in kale help lower the risk of cataracts.



Note: Kale contains oxalates so those with kidney or gallbladder problems should not eat too much of it. Oxalates also reduce calcium absorption so eat kale at a different time to any calcium supplements you might be taking.



When purchasing kale look for firm, dark coloured leaves with no signs of wilting or yellowing. The smaller the leaves the milder and sweeter the flavour. The best time to purchase is late Winter to early Spring. Always purchase organic kale as normal commercial kale can contain pesticides. Store, without washing,  in airtight containers in the fridge. Refrigerated,it should last up to a week. After washing, kale can be eaten raw, dehydrated, steamed or added to stir fries.



So when adding greens to you daily meals do not forget about kale.

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Dehydrated Salted Kale Chips  

By Donna October at The Healthy Eating Site

2 bunches of kale, rinse and remove stem

3 tbsps. extra virgin olive oil or hemp seed oil

1 tbsp. apple cider vinegar

Celtic or Himalyan sea salt to taste



Mix the oil, apple cider vinegar and salt in a large mixing bowl. It’s easy to add more salt later and adjust it to your taste. Tear, or roughly chop the kale leaves up into bite-sized pieces. Think potato chip size, they will shrink a bit once they are dehydrated. Toss the kale pieces into the bowl with the oil and vinegar. Periodically mix the kale as you are adding it by tossing the kale in the oil and ACV mixture. Get your hands in there and massage the oil into the kale. You’re aiming to have the oil and ACV evenly coating all of the kale. It’s easier to do this if you add a bit of kale, toss and massage, add some more kale, toss and massage and repeat until you have used up all the kale. Place a Teflex sheet on top of a dehydrator tray and drop a handful or two of the coated kale leaves onto it. Try to spread the kale around so it’s not all clumped together, but you don’t have to be too particular about placing each individual piece because it will shrink and separate a bit as it’s dehydrating. Dehydrate overnight at 105-110 degrees F. It should take 10-12 hours, but times may vary due to humidity, size of the ‘chips’ and how thinly you can spread them on the sheets. In the morning, turn the kale onto a regular dehydrator tray to finish it off. Dehydrate for another 2-4 hours until crispy. NOTE: I’ve now found that if I don’t spread them too thick on the sheets, that after 10-12 hours of dehydrating they will be done without having to turn them. Eat fresh from the dehydrator or store in a tightly sealed glass jar to keep them crisp. I’m not sure how long they will keep because they never last for more than 2 days around me ;-) ~ Donna



Refreshing Plant Blood

Kristen Suzanne of Kristen's Raw

For more juicing recipes check out my e-book, Kristen Suzanne's EASY Raw Smoothies, Juices, Elixirs & Drinks.

1 cucumber

1 zucchini

1 apple

3-4 leaves kale



Juice these ingredients and enjoy a refreshing and blissful beverage.



Kale with Cranberries

From Elana's Pantry (if visiting, sign up for her fab newsletter)



2 bunches kale

1/4 cup pine nuts

1/4 cup dried cranberries

3 tbsps. olive oil



Steam the kale until it is bright green. Meanwhile, in a cast iron skillet, toast the pine nuts. Allow kale and pine nuts five minutes to cool, then toss together in a large bowl. Add dried cranberries and olive oil. Toss and serve. Serves 8



Yammy Kale

From Dr McDougall's Newsletter - April 2011 

We grew several varieties of kale in our garden last year and they all kept producing over the winter months. My favorite is the Lacinato blue kale because it is just a bit more tender than the other varieties~Dr McDougall



2 Garnet yams, peeled and cut into chunks

1 1/2 cups water or vegetable broth

1 onion, chopped

2 cloves garlic, minced

3 cups Lacinato kale,thinly sliced

1 tbsp. vegetarian Worcestershire sauce

1/2 to 1 tsp. Sambal Oelek chili paste

1 tbsp. fresh lemon juice



Place the yams and water or broth in a large sauté pan. Cover, bring to a boil, reduce heat and cook until yams are just barely tender, about 5 to 10 minutes depending on the size of the chunks. Add the onion and garlic and continue to cook over medium low heat until liquid has been reduced by half. Add the kale, Worcestershire sauce and chili paste. Continue to cook until kale is ten-der, stirring occasionally. Stir in the lemon juice just before serving. Serve over brown rice or other whole grains. Hint: This may also be made with other varieties of kale, just remove the hard stem before slicing the kale. Garnet yams are the bright orange-fleshed sweet potatoes with reddish colored skins. Servings: 4



Fat-Free Kale and Sweet Potato Soup

By John Mitzewich From American Food at About.com  



1 quart/litre vegetable broth

3 cups water

1/2 tsp. salt

1 1/2 lbs / 680 gms sweet potatoes or yams, peeled and cut into 1" / 2cm cubes

1 clove garlic, minced

pinch of cayenne

1 large bunch kale, washed and chopped into 1-inch pieces

salt and fresh ground black pepper to taste

fresh lemon wedges (optional)



In a 4 quart/ 2 litre saucepan, over high heat, bring the broth, water, salt, garlic, cayenne, and sweet potatoes to a simmer. Reduce heat to low and simmer for 15-20 minutes, until the sweet potatoes are fork tender. Using a potato masher or a whisk, mash about 1/2 of the cubed sweet potatoes into the broth to thicken. The more you mash the thicker the texture. Add the kale and push down into the hot soup. Once the kale all wilts simmer on low for 15-20 minutes, or until the kale is tender and tasty. Undercooked kale can have a slightly bitter flavor that mellows with cooking. Season with salt and pepper, and serve hot with a squeeze of fresh lemon. The lemon is optional, but really brings out the flavor of the kale and sweet potato. Makes about 10 servings.



Wilted Kale Salad with a Creamy Chipotle Dressing

By Russell James The Raw Chef  



For the wilted kale

2 heads kale (this will seem like a lot but will wilt down when the salt is added)

2 tsps. salt

1 cup baby tomatoes, sliced

1/2 cup hulled hemp seeds



For the dressing

2 avocados

1 chipotle pepper*

1/2 cup olive oil

1 tsp. agave

1/4 cup lemon juice

Chipotle soak water as needed to blend



*If not using chipotle peppers, substitute with 1/2 teaspoon each of onion powder, cumin, chili powder, garlic powder and tamari/nama shoyu.

Remove the stems and then wash and cut the kale into small pieces. Place into a bowl, add salt and start to massage the kale until it wilts and takes on a ‘cooked’ texture. Add the tomatoes and hemp seeds to the bowl and mix in by hand. Blend all remaining ingredients in a high-speed blender until creamy and mix into kale by hand.Serves 2 – 4



Sesame Noodles with Kale

From the VegetarianTimes

This recipe demonstrates a practical way to boil pasta and a green vegetable together in one pot to create a colorful entrée. You'll start out with a huge amount of kale, but the greens shrink dramatically as they cook. Just be sure to use a very large pot.



1 large bunch kale - about 1-1/2lbs. / 680gms.

12 ozs. / 340gms udon, soba, spaghetti or fettuccine

2 tbsps. toasted sesame oil or to taste

2 tbsps. tamari or to taste

2 tbsps. toasted white or black sesame seeds



While you are bringing a large pot of water to a boil, hold bunch of kale together, slice off and discard thickest part of stem (about 1" / 2 cm). Still holding kale in a bunch, slice remaining stems and leaves as thin as you can. Set kale in sinkful (or large bowl) of water and swish vigorously to remove any grit. (Repeat this process with fresh water if kale seems especially sandy.) Lift out kale, place in colander and rinse thoroughly. When water has come to a rolling boil, add pasta and cook for 5 minutes less than cooking time indicated on package. Add kale stems and leaves in a few batches, pressing down with back of large spoon to submerge each batch. Continue cooking, uncovered, over high heat until kale and pasta are tender, about 5 minutes. (Kale tends to remain on top of pasta. Press it under water from time to time with back of large spoon.) Drain pasta and kale and return to pot. Add sesame oil and tamari and toss with fork. Taste and add more sesame oil and tamari if necessary. Add sesame seeds and toss again. Serve hot or at room temperature. 4 Servings

Arthritis difficulty performing activities

It is a disease characterized by inflammation of one or several joints, pain, feeling of stiffness in wrists, knuckles, fingers, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees and ankles, and difficulty performing daily activities. When you make a move, the body smooths friction between the bones supported by cartilage, which in turn are protected and covered by a membrane, called synovium. When the latter was invaded by damaging cells or excessively secretes fluid, there is the condition, which occurs most often between 45 and 55, and can also affect children.

* It is characterized by inflammation of tissue covering the cartilage and joints (synovium). In this category there are two types of arthritis, polyarthritis (which hurts more than five joints) and rheumatic fever.
* The former is more common, usually appears after age 50, affects joints of the hands, wrists and forefoot, and causes pain, swelling, stiffness and deformation. It is favored by the depletion or infection.
* The second appears 2 to 3 weeks after suffering tonsillitis (inflammation of the throat caused by a virus) treated badly, that for unknown reasons leading to the production of antibodies directed against itself. Affect knees, ankles and elbows, causing painful inflammation of short duration.

Causes
* Genetic predisposition.
* Sudden temperature changes in the joints, for example, be continuously in contact with hot and cold water.
* Invasion of infectious agents.
* Accumulation of uric acid crystals and calcium salts in the joints.

Symptoms
* Inflammation of joints.
* Severe pain during the night may wake the patient.
* Difficulty moving.
* The skin of the damaged area becomes pink color, red or purple.
* Fever.
* Fatigue.
* Tingling in hands or feet.
* In some cases, deformed hands and feet, mainly.

Prevention
* When you have a genetic predisposition is more difficult to prevent, however to avoid temperature changes in the joints.
* We recommend taking a daily bath with hot water as this helps to reduce stiffness and morning joint stiffness.
* Avoid activities requiring great physical effort, standing compel or require repetitive movements, especially with the hands.
* To perform household chores should not force their hands, for example, it is advisable to twist the clothes to squeeze, open screw caps and press hard cutlery handles, among others.
* It is very important to follow a complete treatment of tonsillitis, to avoid resulting in arthritis.

Consult your doctor.
Read more on remedies for gout and natural treatment of joint pain. For more info about remedies for arthritis Visit: http://www.swamiramdevmedicines.com/packages-for-diseases/arthritis-joint-knee-pain.htm

Eye Cups and Dark Circles

Purple discoloration that occurs the lower eyelids. They are not a medical problem but are usually common symptom of ocular infection, allergy, sleep disorder or hormonal changes, without forgetting that in their appearance are also determining genetic factors and age. From the aesthetic point of view, give the impression of fatigue, aging and looking sad.

Causes
* Most often occur in people with a family history, either because it is the pigmentation of his skin or because they inherit the propensity to develop occasionally.
* The presence of dilated and congested blood vessels under the eyes is the cause of dark circles of blue, even green. This is because the skin of this region is one of the thinnest on the body and can see the veins beneath, especially in thin skinned people and white. Note that the congestion of the blood stream is usually caused by nasal allergy (rhinitis) or cold.
* Lack of sleep and fatigue do not make circles in all people, but who are often particularly prone notables.
* Over the years, the dark circles become more visible as the skin gradually becomes thinner and loses collagen (protein that gives strength to the tissues), as well as blood vessels dilate eyelids. They are therefore common in the elderly.
* Ocular allergies or conjunctivitis are also common causes, because these problems irritate the area and generate blood congestion, in addition, the person is carved eyelids because of itching and swelling stresses.
* Pregnancy and menstruation are associated with hormonal changes, and these, in turn, causes fluid buildup and dark circles.
* Sun exposure can generate this aesthetic problem in people with sensitive skin or women taking hormones during menopause.

Prevention
* Rest and sleep the appropriate times, as during sleep stimulates circulation of blood vessels and fluid drainage, which desinflama eyelids.
* Avoid scratching the eyes, both for the damage to these organs is generated to prevent inflammation of the delicate skin around them.
* Timely address diseases such as colds, allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis.
* Try not exposed to the sun for extended periods when carrying out hormone replacement therapy for menopause.
* People with sensitive skin should protect their eyes with sunscreen and avoid the rays of the "sun king" between 11:00 and 15:00 hours. It is also advisable to use a hat to go out.
* Carry food that promotes good circulation, that is, low in fat, salt and refined flours, while rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meat and fish.
* Apply special cream to the skin of the eyelids with a gentle massage to revive the movement in the area.

Consult your doctor.

Read more on Remedies for Dark Circles under Eyes and Eyes Dark Circles Treatment and Dark Circles treatment

Eye Cups and Dark Circles

Purple discoloration that occurs the lower eyelids. They are not a medical problem but are usually common symptom of ocular infection, allergy, sleep disorder or hormonal changes, without forgetting that in their appearance are also determining genetic factors and age. From the aesthetic point of view, give the impression of fatigue, aging and looking sad.

Causes
* Most often occur in people with a family history, either because it is the pigmentation of his skin or because they inherit the propensity to develop occasionally.
* The presence of dilated and congested blood vessels under the eyes is the cause of dark circles of blue, even green. This is because the skin of this region is one of the thinnest on the body and can see the veins beneath, especially in thin skinned people and white. Note that the congestion of the blood stream is usually caused by nasal allergy (rhinitis) or cold.
* Lack of sleep and fatigue do not make circles in all people, but who are often particularly prone notables.
* Over the years, the dark circles become more visible as the skin gradually becomes thinner and loses collagen (protein that gives strength to the tissues), as well as blood vessels dilate eyelids. They are therefore common in the elderly.
* Ocular allergies or conjunctivitis are also common causes, because these problems irritate the area and generate blood congestion, in addition, the person is carved eyelids because of itching and swelling stresses.
* Pregnancy and menstruation are associated with hormonal changes, and these, in turn, causes fluid buildup and dark circles.
* Sun exposure can generate this aesthetic problem in people with sensitive skin or women taking hormones during menopause.

Prevention
* Rest and sleep the appropriate times, as during sleep stimulates circulation of blood vessels and fluid drainage, which desinflama eyelids.
* Avoid scratching the eyes, both for the damage to these organs is generated to prevent inflammation of the delicate skin around them.
* Timely address diseases such as colds, allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis.
* Try not exposed to the sun for extended periods when carrying out hormone replacement therapy for menopause.
* People with sensitive skin should protect their eyes with sunscreen and avoid the rays of the "sun king" between 11:00 and 15:00 hours. It is also advisable to use a hat to go out.
* Carry food that promotes good circulation, that is, low in fat, salt and refined flours, while rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meat and fish.
* Apply special cream to the skin of the eyelids with a gentle massage to revive the movement in the area.

Consult your doctor.

Read more on Remedies for Dark Circles under Eyes and Eyes Dark Circles Treatment and Dark Circles treatment

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